A quasi two-dimensional numerical study is performed to analyze the thermo-magneto-convective transport of liquid metal around a square cylinder in a square duct subjected to a strong externally imposed axial magnetic field. The channel bottom wall is considered heated while the top wall is maintained at the free stream temperature keeping the cylinder adiabatic. The Reynolds and Hartmann numbers are kept in the range 0< Re £ 6000 and 0 < Ha £ 2160. The flow dynamics in the aforementioned range of parameters reveals the existence of four different regimes out of which the first three ones are similar to the classical non-MHD 2-D cylinder wakes while the fourth one is characterized by the vortices evolved from the duct side walls due to the boundary layer separation which strongly disturbs the Karman vortex street. The flow dynamics and heat transfer rate from the heated channel wall are observed to depend on the imposed magnetic field strength.With increasing magnetic field, the flow becomes stabilized resulting in a degradation in the forced convection heat transfer. A special case at a very high Reynolds numberRe = 3´104 with Ha=2160 is also considered to show the development of a Kelvin–Helmholtz-type instability that substantially affects the heat transfer rate.

The effect of thermal and solutal buoyancy induced by a discrete source of heat and mass transfer in a square duct under the influence of magnetic field, especially at the turbulent regime for the first time is reported. Al2O3/water nanofluid is used with constant heat flux from three discrete heat sources. In the present study, the effects of Reynolds number (100 to 3000), particle volume fraction (0 to 2%) and magnetic field (Ha = 10 to 90) on the Nusselt number, pressure drop and wall temperature (at the axial and height directions) are represented graphically and discussed quantitatively. Two percent Al2O3-water nanofluid under Ha = 10 can produce 81% increase in Nusselt number with only 60% increase in pressure drop when compared to base fluid at Re = 100. Four percent enhancement in nanofluids cooling effect in the vicinity of a centre of the final heat source can be utilized in hot spots cooling.

A numerical study on steady laminar magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection flow of an electrically conducting fluid in a vertical square duct under the action of transverse magnetic field has been investigated. The walls of the duct are electrically non-conducting. In this study both forced and free convection flows are considered. The viscous dissipation and Joule heat are also considered in the energy equation and moreover the walls of the duct are kept at constant temperature. The governing equations of momentum, induction and energy are first transformed into dimensionless equations by using dimensionless quantities, then these are solved employing finite difference method for velocity, induced magnetic field and temperature distribution. The computed results for velocity, induced magnetic field and temperature distribution are presented graphically for different dimensionless parameters Hartmann number, Prandtl number, Grashof number and magnetic Reynolds number.

A comprehensive study was conducted on how different nano-fluids affect the heat transfer characteristics of a conical spiral duct with a square section. Metallic, non-metallic and Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles were assumed to be added to water as coolant in the spiral side of heat exchangers. The combined effects of nanoparticle dispersion and path curvature on heat transfer enhancement under two different thermal boundary conditions were investigated. The effects of the flow regime on heat transfer in such a configuration were tested. The flow and energy equations were solved numerically using available commercial software ANSYS FLUENT® Academic Research, Release 16.2. The numerical procedures were verified with available data, and correlation and maximum error were determined to be less than 13%. It was found that compared to the non- curved duct with the same length; heat transfer would increase by about 15%. The addition of metallic nanoparticles also enhanced the heat transfer by 5%. In low Reynolds numbers, crossflow affects temperature distribution and thermal characteristics but in the turbulent regime, the temperature distribution is less sensitive to generated crossflow.

Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) underlies 1-5% of male infertility, although the diagnosis of EDO can be complex, treatment is well established and can be very effective.Part of reason that this condition probably is underdiagnosed, is because of its rarity, subtle presentation and the concomitantly low index of suspicion held by physicians.The causes of EDO are divided into congenital and acquired disorders. Clinically, EDO classically presents as hematospermia, painful ejaculation, or infertility.In the past decade, trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) has replaced vasography as the main stay of diagnosis. Several adjunctive techniques now have been described for diagnosis of EDO, including seminal vesicle aspiration, seminal vesiculography, vesicle chromotubation.The time- tested treatment for EDO is resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TUR-ED), which is performed in an outpatient setting, and the technique combines cystourethroscopy with resection of the verumontanum in the midline.Complications from TUR-ED occur in 10-20% of the cases, and include watery ejaculate, hematuria, epididimitis, seminal vasculitis and low risk of incontinence or rectal perforation.